"What were the problems besetting the Church in the tenth and eleventh centuries? What was 'moderate reform'?"
The problems that the Church was facing during this time, is that instead of church officials appointing bishops, popes, etc., we see laymen (people other than church officials) appointing these people. This results in the laymen sometimes appointing rotten individuals to church office.
Moderate reform came about when Pope Leo IX decided to put emphasis on papal authority. He said that laymen should choose morally good candidates instead of those who would do harm.
"Describe the events that took place during the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV. What was at stake?"
The conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV came about when the Pope decided that kings had no right at all to appoint people to church positions. The king did not agree with this, and hence went against the Pope. Pope Gregory ultimately removed the king from power, and eventually Henry came begging for forgiveness. Grace was bestowed, and then the king went against the Pope all over again. Henry was removed from authority by Pope Gregory, but Henry was powerful enough to come back and send Pope Gregory into exile. The Pope then died while he was still exiled and it is said that these were among his last words,
"I have loved righteousness and hated iniquity, therefore I die in exile."
What was at stake in the conflict between these two men was church authority. Who had the jurisdiction to make church decisions, the Pope or the king?
"What was Christendom?"
Christendom was the idea of an international church society. This is why church officials were able to enter Christian lands even without their nationality being that of the country. Nationality was of no concern, for it was a society of the Christian religion, not a society of "who came from what place". This was Christendom.
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