The Kulturkampf and Home Rule for Ireland

             "What was the Kulturkampf?"



The Kulturnkampf was a word in German that meant "culture struggle". It referred to a struggle having to do with German power in regards to control over the Catholic church. This included main figures such as Bismark and the Pope. Bismark placed laws of discrimination on the Catholics, and it was not uncommon for Catholics to be arrested, imprisoned or exiled, and for monks and nuns to flat out leave.

Eventually the old pope died, and a new pope who was more willing to negotiate with Bismark came to power. Bismark then sought to bring back the relationship that was once held with the Catholic church. The Kulterkampf was thus erased until not a remnant remained.




"What arguments does Gladstone make in favor of Home Rule for Ireland?"




William Gladstone made several arguments in favor of Home Rule for Ireland. A few of his arguments were that he believed Home Rule would make the Irish economy better, save money for England, and that it was morally right. He also did not approve of violent, revolutionary tactics.

He was ultimately unsuccessful in winning through his arguments

Thanks for reading!

Friedrich Gentz, Edmund Burke, and Mary Wollstonecraft

"How does Friedrich Gentz distinguish between the American and French Revolutions? Do you see the influence of Edmund Burke in his thinking?


Friedrich Gentz distinguishes very particular differences in the American and French Revolutions. He saw the American Revolution as a defensive measure to uphold the rights that they had for over a century. He sees the French Revolution as an offensive measure which tried to pull down French society's fabric and reupholster it.

To answer the question about whether or not I see Edmund Burke's influence in the thinking of Gentz, ultimately yes. I believe that I do see this influence, or at least, I see extreme similarities between these two people's thinking patterns. Burke and Gentz both thought that society is built over time and not simply ripped apart and put together again in a mismatching puzzle piece fashion. Burke had a very conservative thinking process. As stated before, he didn't believe it correct to put together a completely new society in a heartbeat, so to speak. He saw long-standing institutions as being there for a reason. If one existed, for let's say, a thousand years, it's probably a good assumption that there's a reason for this institution being around.

There you have it. Friedrich Gentz, Edmund Burke, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution–distinguished, explained, and pieced together in blog/essay like proportions.



"What points is Mary Wollstonecraft making in the excerpts you read from the beginning of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman? What would she like to see changed in European society?"




In the excerpts I read I found that Mary Wollstonecraft had a deep yearning to see girls educated and given deserving rights of the human species. She likewise thought that women ought to be treated as rational individuals and not simply like alluring objects for a man's short-term fancy.

Allow me to include this excerpt by Mary Wollstonecraft in which she is speaking to the female gender:

  "My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone."

Simply stated, she didn't particularly enjoy women acting like they had no real intelligence.

I conclude then that Mary Wollstonecraft wished to see women educated, respected even of themselves, and being able to stand on their own two feet in a male-dominated European society.

Thanks for reading!    

The Ptolemaic-Aristotelian View of the Universe, Leonhard Euler, and The Enlightenment

"What was the Ptolemaic-Aristotelian view of the universe, and how did Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton undermine it and institute an alternative?"




The Ptolemaic-Aristotelian view of the universe was that of a geocentric model. The Earth as the center of the universe. Orbits as circles and perfectly rounded planets, as well as stars, were also included in this peculiar idea. This, of course, was not an accurate viewpoint so it was eventually challenged, as so many theories are at one point in time or another.

Some that challenged this way of thinking were the great minds of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton.

Copernicus argued that the sun was the center of the universe. Therefore we see a heliocentric model. He likewise perceived that the Earth rotates on its axis. Common knowledge today, but revolutionary in his time.

Kepler undermined the idea of a Ptolemaic-Aristotelian view by proposing the theory of elliptical orbits instead of the standard idea that the orbits went around in circles. Again, this was revolutionary.

Galileo likewise contributed to this revolutionary process through his observation of moons orbiting Jupiter. This was proof that not everything revolved around the Earth as was previously thought.

I will lastly mention the monumental discoveries of Newton. Newton's ideas of gravity were extraordinary! Newton believed that gravity was the force that kept things moving and kept the air from escaping. He also predicted a transit of Venus. He was, in fact, the first astronomer to successfully do this.

The ideas throughout the centuries have been vast, but far fewer have been true. Copernicus and the others mentioned today knew that they must prove and disprove the world's theories. How few have realized this? There is little to be said for ignorance, but in knowledge there is power.



"Explain the significance of the person you read about for Lesson 48 in 100 words."


In lesson 48 I read about a mathematician/physicist, Leonhard Euler. Euler was known for his discoveries in many areas of study such as fluid dynamics, graph theory, music theory, mathematical function, etc. All of these areas are influential and greatly important, but I took a particular interest in his idea of mathematical function. The idea of numbers and mathematical problems as real life things was greatly fascinating to me.

Leonhard Euler was a mathematician/physicist. He was born in 1707, and he died in 1783. His historical significance was that of stamping a perfectly mathematical footprint on the field of science.



"Describe the main ideas we associate with the Enlightenment."



When you hear the word enlightenment, what is it that you think of? Maybe you think of people coming to great conclusions, philosophical thought, and reason. The idea of reason is one of the key characteristics that is often associated with the Enlightenment. Unfortunately, though, it was, at times, disregarded. For example, during this time people tended to be skeptical of using reason to come to theological points. Then again, they were skeptical of most anything during the course of the Enlightenment.

They weren't particularly fond of accepting age-old inherited ideas either. People of this time had the thought that they should rather look to science for their founding principles of most anything. The people of the Enlightenment did have an agreement for the most part with the idea of religious toleration, though. Yet, they tended to favor the stripping of "ritual" practices from religion.

These ideas laid the foundation of the Enlightenment. And in the Enlightenment, learners of history have found even more to diligently study. I hope that you have enjoyed this personal study of this age. Thanks for reading!

The French Materialists, Adam Smith, and the War of the Austrian Succession

"Explain the views of the French materialists."


The views of the French materialists revolved around the basic principle that everything was purely matter. Matter was basically their answer to life's questions. They tended to believe that due to the assumption that a person was simply matter/machine, then they should go about seeking sensual pleasure. One particular main view was that of an atheistic presumption. That there is no spiritual realm since everything is just matter. The views of the French materialists were, just as the name implies, focused on the material world.



"What does Adam Smith mean by the 'invisible hand'?"


Adam Smith is using the term of the "invisible hand" to describe the way that the actions of an individual to suit their needs actually ends up affecting society as well. This is the "invisible hand"; That there is an "invisible hand" guiding the market into it's various correct crevices and gaping holes. In effect, arranging the business world like a big 1,000 piece jigsaw puzzle.



"Discuss the causes and consequences of the War of the Austrian Succession."


The War of the Austrian Succession was caused by Maria Therese not being accepted as the ruler of the Hapsburg properties. This inconvenience was used by Prussia and France to challenge the Hapsburg ruling. The consequences that ensued include Austria losing Silesia to Prussia, and Louis XV of France losing much respect due to his decision to give back his fought for earnings to his defeated. This was done so that he would not look as if he was a conqueror. His people wanted what they fought for, and for the most part, they didn't get it.

Thanks for reading!





 

Shakespeare or the KJV Bible?

"Is it easier to read Shakespeare or the King James Bible?"


The KJV Bible and Shakespeare both can be difficult. Which is easier? I would say that the KJV Bible takes the cake. However, this might be due to the fact that I've been reading varying versions of the Bible throughout my life. This makes it easier to decipher the difficult phrases. If I had not, then it might be far harder.

Shakespeare was somewhat difficult for me, but I got used to it after a while.

I think that much of it depends upon personal preference. For me, that's probably the KJV Bible, but for another, it might be Shakespeare.

Thanks for reading!

Mercantilism, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the War of Spanish Succession

     "What were the key ideas of mercantilism?"        

The key ideas of mercantilism were basically the simple ideas of most board games. One loses, and the other wins. This was perhaps the most revealing trait of mercantilism. It was the opposite of the free-market economy. In a free market economy you are free to buy and sell as you see fit. In mercantilism this is all regulated by the government.

Under mercantilism, governments would try to limit who you would buy from and who you would sell to. We saw governments regulating imports and exports and also telling people what they could and couldn't sell. These were the key ideas of mercantilism.




"How was the revocation of the Edict of Nantes justified in the document you read?"


In the document I read, they justified the revocation in some quite intriguing ways. One of these points in the document I read said something along the lines of that they should obliterate the confusion and evils that the progression of Protestant religion had caused to occur in the kingdom.

The document noted that many of the Protestants had converted to Catholicism, so they thought that they didn't really have any reason to keep the Edict of Nantes around. These are the main ways that the revocation was justified.



"What was at stake in the War of Spanish Succession?"


As you can probably guess the succession to the Spanish crown was at stake. Leopold I and Louis XIV were the two main contending parties in trying to get their "chosen" heir on the throne. The concern was that if a central power gained control of Spain, they would have far two much power in the hands of that monarch. In the end, the Spanish provinces were split up to make peace after the thirteen years of fighting.

Thanks for reading my essay! If you would like to leave me some feedback, then please do so! Also, If you notice any errors please let me know!

  



  

Herbert Spencer, Utopian Socialists, and Romanticism

"Summarize the arguments either of Spencer or Molinari (whichever one you read this week)."


I read several of the arguments of Herbert Spencer this week. He was a rather radical (classical) liberal. He thought that the people had the right to ignore the state. He thought that even if one person didn't give his consent to what was happening, then that person could choose to not go along with the act (taxes or otherwise). He thought that this was the test of a real classical liberal. Were they really for a society without government control? This was how he saw things and how we are led to see things through the light of his arguments.


          "What was the basic message  of                                      the utopian socialists?"


The basic message of the utopian socialists was fairly "utopian". They followed a fairly dead-set plan much like in the book, Utopia. The message was of course socialist, but it really did rely on a very thought out "blueprint". Their socialist ideas didn't just flow as the world went on. They thought that their world had to be built like you would a home, or other thing like that. They had a tendency to believe in commonly held property, and would plan out everything from where people would live to how the children would be raised. What a peculiar message that the "utopian" socialists held!



"What were the characteristics of Romanticism? Give one example of Romanticism and how it embodies at least one of these characteristics."



The characteristics of Romanticism were quite opposite of neoclassicism, but the characteristics of it were not as some believe, without reason. They rather were filled with feeling and passion and didn't simply believe that the world was only held together by reason (or at least what one might consider such a thing). They held a fascination in different places, times, etc.. They liked more emotional music, art, etc., and did tend to hold a connection with religion. Perhaps it was not always the religion of Christianity or Catholicism, but it was a very feeling connection with nature. Nor were their religious ideas based so much on reason, but more so on feeling your religion.


Now for my example. I find Romanticism held evidently in the work of literature Frankenstein, which was written by Mary Shelley. This book beautifully illustrates the tendencies of Romanticism. It has feeling, passion, and was a little different. Its art was filled with this tendency towards emotion! Everything from the creature in the book to the story behind him, was absolutely filled with travels (of time setting and place) and may be considered an art within itself. It embodied Romanticism and its characteristics by being emotional and unreasonably reasonable, through its emphasis on life in different forms.


Thanks for reading!

Utopia: Why a Sensible Reformer?

"Why does More present the traveler as a sensible reformer early in book 1, but not later?"



I believe that More is attempting to ease into Utopia. In Utopia, there are a great deal of highly controversial topics, and it would be rather difficult for the reader to immediately dive into them.

Allow me to use horseback riding as an example. Generally, when you ride a horse you don't begin by immediately going into your canter (the main speed a horse can go between a walk and gallop). You ease into it. First with a walk, then with a trot. This is what I believe More is attempting to accomplish by representing the traveler in this manner.

The Conflicts Between the Holy Roman Emperors and the Popes

The popes and Holy Roman Emperors engaged in many different conflicts time and time again, but the main reasons behind the conflicts are really quite simple.  The conflicts arose generally out of hunger for power.

For example, the emperors would sometimes completely throw the promises that they made to the popes out the window.  Likewise, on several different occasions we see the Holy Roman Emperors attempting to downsize the power of the pope.

Many desired to assert their power over vast areas, and this concerned the popes.  The popes feared that the Holy Roman Emperors would try to gain some amount of control over the papacy, and this was unacceptable in the minds of the popes.

Like I said, the reasons for the conflicts between the emperors and popes were quite simple.  The lesson that we should take from these conflicts, is that a quest for power usually stands in the way of peace, and it is unfortunate that the emperors didn't pay attention to this major truth.

Thank you very much for reading this essay, and please give me some feedback in the comments section below!  I would love to hear from you!    

Discussion on the Just War Theory, as well as the Later Scholastics

"Describe the main principals of just-war theory."


I think that this will be one of the easier topics for me to describe, as well as one of the easier ones for you to understand.

Just war theory is simply the theory of just war.  It is ideals and principles that make a war "just".  For instance, according to the just war theory it would be wrong to go to war with a country or state that had simply stolen a single apple.  It would likewise be wrong according to the just war theory to slaughter mercilessly all of the civilians living in the place that you are at war with once you had already won.

I hope you have a basic idea of what the just war theory is now.



"In what fundamental way did Duns Scotus and William of Ockham challenge the position of Thomas Aquinas?"


These two later scholastics were of the opinion that reason and faith simply did not go together.  They were two completely separate things in the eyes of these men.  This of course was a complete and utter challenge to the position taken by Thomas Aquinas.  Thomas Aquinas had spent a great deal of his life trying to prove that faith and reason went hand in hand.  Faith could be proven using reason according to Thomas Aquinas. This was the fundamental way that Duns Scotus and William of Ockham challenged the views of Thomas Aquinas.


Thanks for reading, and please give me feedback!  I would love to hear from you!

Animal Intelligence

"What does it mean to say a creature is 'intelligent'?"


First of all, what is intelligence?  Well, intelligence is what determines how well (if at all) we will be able to decipher a problem.  It helps us to learn about the world in which we live, and it assists us in making this world better for all of us.  Without intelligence, the world would be completely chaotic.

Now that we have defined intelligence, we must tackle the question that asks, "What does it mean to say a creature is intelligent?".  I suppose it means that the creature can think about a problem, and find a solution that isn't simply based on instinct.

I will use two examples of animal intelligence today.  First of all, I will use the chimpanzee.  The chimpanzee has been known to "problem-solve" in peculiar ways.  Sometimes it will actually make tools for finding food! It will take a piece of grassy twig, remove the leaves, and then stick the grassy twig into a termite mound.  When it pulls out the grassy twig, there are generally several termites stuck to the grass.  In this way, the chimpanzee has used the grassy twig to "fish" for a termite snack.

The next example that I will use is the elephant.  They have been known to paint pictures, they form lasting bonds with family members, and they seem to exhibit self-recognition in mirrors!

Even though animals can't create spacecrafts, or create a car engine like us, they certainly seem to have intelligence to some degree.

Thanks for reading and please let me know what you think!      

The 12th Century Renaissance, the University System in the High Middle Ages, and Scholastic Philosophy

"What kinds of developments occurred during the
renaissance of the twelfth century?"


During this period in history we see many interesting developments occurring.  Among them was an interest in the Latin classics.  There was much reading of Latin authors, poets, and the writing of commentaries.  As time goes on we see more of a decline in these, and an increase in the study of philosophy and the like.

Besides these developments, there is a revival of the Roman law.  This wouldn't have been all that bad since several aspects of Roman law are familiar to western thought, had it not been for the fact that during the time of Justinian the law was modified to give more jurisdiction to the emperor rather than the people.

As you can tell, the renaissance of the twelfth century held many fascinating occurrences.




"Discuss the origins and features of the university system in the High Middle Ages."




 During the High Middle Ages the rise of universities became quite popular.  Before these new universities, there had not been anything like them in past history.  Of course there had been different schools, but there was not a "university" per-say.

We are not entirely sure as to how some of the major universities of the time came about, but it seems that many had their origins rooted in the monastic and cathedral schools, as well as random meetings of professors in one place.

These universities introduced the awarding of degrees, had a more or less fixed program of study, and a distinction of graduate and undergraduate study.




"What was Scholastic philosophy?"




Scholastic philosophy was more so a switch from positive theology (confirmations from Scripture, councils, etc.) to speculative theology (faith that was in agreement with reason).  In other words, if faith and reason do not make sense together, this means that you have simply misinterpreted faith or used reason incorrectly.

As an example of a Scholastic philosopher, I would like to use St. Anselm.  St. Anselm would try to use ontological proof for the existence of God.  This means that he would use the argument that God must be the greatest conceivable being.  Something that is only in your mind is obviously less meaningful than something that is right in front of you.  Since this is the case, God must be something that is not only in your mind, but also something conceivable.   See, he is trying to combine faith and reason.


Thanks for reading this essay, and please let me know what you think!  I would love to hear your feedback!  




  




 

Paul: Adoption and Inheritance

"How were adoption and inheritance related in Paul's thought?"



In Paul's thought, they were related by the fact that they were both spiritual matters.  The adoption was an adoption into the church, and the inheritance was that of the Kingdom of God.  Both of these are matters of the heart and have to do with salvation.  You are not adopted into the Lord's church without salvation, nor do you inherit the blessings that come along with it.  You need one in order to have the other.  This is how I believe that he thought the two were related.

Thanks for reading, and please let me know what you think!

The Main Issue Dividing Jesus From the Leaders of Isreal

"According to Mark's gospel, what was main issue dividing Jesus from the leaders of Israel?"


I strongly believe that it was how he was taking charge of what they held in their possession.  What they held was the law.  Jesus was taking the law, changing it, and in their minds he was hindering their power.  He of course was doing this, and it extremely bothered the leaders of Israel.  Out of their jealousy of Jesus' new found power, they killed him.  In doing so, they violated one of the Ten Commandments.

  “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.”  (Exodus 20:17)

The leaders coveted a possession of their neighbor (Jesus' power), and they broke a law which they had vowed to uphold.

Thanks for reading!

Tha

T

The Art of Dendrochronology

Today I would like to take a quick look into the intriguing practice of Dendrochronology.  Dendrochronology is the study of tree rings to see how old a particular piece of wood is.  Each year, a tree will add a new ring to it's trunk.  Dendrochronologists can then observe the patterns of the rings and determine many fascinating things.

Using this practice, pieces of wood can actually be studied and analyzed to decipher as to what kind of weather a particular year had!  Dendrochronology has even been used to discover the dates of panel paintings and architectural structures!  Just think about it, without dendrochronology we may not to have been able to figure out when different pieces of the world's history came into play!  

Dendrochronology has played, been playing, and will continue to play a very significant role in the history of humanity.

I hope that you have enjoyed this essay, and please let me know what you think!          

Conflict Between the Sadducees and Apostles

"Why were the Sadducees and the Apostles unable to find a way to reconcile their rival opinions?"



The apostles and Sadducees were coming from completely different perspectives.  The Sadducees were still following the Mosaic law, while the apostles were following the laws that Jesus, the son of God had put down.  In both of these religions there is only one God and his laws are sovereign, which is why the Sadducees where unwilling to follow Jesus' teachings.  What they didn't understand (more like unwilling to undrestand) is that Jesus was God in the flesh.  The Sadducees did not want to change their views and opinions, so they simply denied that the teachings of the apostles were correct.

Plants' Roles in a Zombie Apocalypse

"Describe one or more possible roles plants could play in the future of humanity.  How are these roles different than what occurred in the past?"


There are of course several fascinating roles that Earth's plants can play in the future, but for today I would like to discuss how they can potentially help in a zombie apocalypse.  I know this sounds ridiculous, but I always do serious reports, so I thought that I would go ahead and have a little fun with this one.

Beacause of the thorns, rose bushes like this
one would make very good fences around
your home, to ward off any hostile zombie
virus survivors.

If something as impossible as the zombie apocalypse were to happen, plants would play an absolutely vital role in people's everyday lives.  For instance, vines could be used as rope in order to serve as a temporary fix for broken fences, many medicinal herbs could be used to prevent/cure illnesses, trees could be used as "safe houses" because it would be difficult for a mindless rotting zombie to climb a ladder successfully, and people could also use different kinds of plants as camouflage for either them, or for their houses.

Now we come to the question "How are these roles different than what occurred in the past?".  The answer is terribly simple.  In the past, there wasn't a zombie apocalypse.  Since there was never a zombie apocalypse, people never had to build zombie proof homes, or attempt to find a cure for the zombie virus using medicinal herbs.  If the zombie virus had never hit before, these things would be completely different concepts than in the past.

Thank you so much for reading this essay, and I hope that it gave you had a good laugh!
 

The Importance of Miracles in Jesus' Early Ministry

"How important were the miracles in the book's account of Jesus' early ministry?"


The miracles were certainly crucial to the progress of Jesus' early ministry!  They not only drew multitudes of people in to listen to what he had to say then, but they also draw people in to the Gospel by giving them something interesting to read or listen to now.  With the credibility of the miracles, he was able to build a firm reputation of good works as a foundation for his teachings.  This is why the miracles were very important to the account of Jesus's early ministry.

Thanks so much for reading, and please let me know what you think!  

How Seeds Make Our World a Better Place

Today I thought that I would write a simple essay on how and why seeds matter.  I will start off with discussing about them as a food source.

Seeds come in all sorts of interesting shapes and sizes.  Among these shapes and sizes are some seeds that are quite delicious!  For instance, the sunflower seed is one of the most well-known edible seeds.  People have used them as salad toppings, little crunchy bits in energy bars, or simply as a snack for years!  For many, the sunflower seed plays quite a large role in their diet.

Now Let's say that you are on a nature hike in the woods with your friends.  I want you to look around. What do you see?  You see plants of many varieties.  Some of the plants are small, others are large, and still others are somewhere in-between.  Of course this is obvious, but almost all of these plants come from seeds. The mighty oak tree, the small blackberry bush, and the wild flowers growing by the sparkling pond all come from seeds.  These seeds generally have some kind of protective coating, as well as some method of transportation.

First of all, I will tell you about the seed's protective coating.  The coating can be anything from a piece of fruit to a hard shell.  Let's use the apple as an example.  Once you finish eating all the fruit on an apple, you will see the core.  In the core, you will see many small brown apple seeds.  The protective coating for these seeds was the delicious apple that you just ate.

Here is an example of a fuzzy dandelion.

Now we move on to discussing the transportation of several kinds of seeds.  Seeds move from location to location in many ways.  One way is how certain kinds can stick to people and animals.  We all know the things I'm talking about.  Those nasty, irritating, and poky little demonic pickers that ruin our clothes and cause our pet's fur to become matted.  Believe it or not, how they stick to us is quite an ingenious form of transportation for these seeds.  Once they stick to an animal or a person, they can travel long distances until they finally fall off and grow into another poky plant.  Another method of transportation that I think I should mention is how seeds can travel by being eaten.  As gross as this sounds, it happens a lot, and is crucial to the survival of plants of various kinds.  Once an animal or person eats a fruit that contains seeds, the seeds will come out the other end.  If the seeds are lucky, they will land in a place where they can successfully grow into healthy strong plants.  Some seeds also have the advantage of being able to float through the air like little fairies.  A perfect example of this is the dandelion, which when it starts to die, forms these fuzzy things in place of it's petals.  When we make a wish on these fuzzy things, they will carry lots of seeds through the air.  Once these land, the ones that find profitable soil will grow into more dandelions and the process repeats itself.

I hope that you have enjoyed this essay, and please let me know what you think!          

The Merovingians, Carolingians, and Charlemagne

"What picture of Charlemagne emerges from Einhard's biography?"


The picture that I see of Charlemagne in this biography is one of elegance and respect.  I see a man who worked to bring up his children in a secure environment, and I see a man who worked to beautify the place in which he lived.

For many, I believe that they will probably pay closest attention to the wars in which he fought, or perhaps they will particularly notice the power which he held.  I personally have little interest in the wars or politics.  I have interest in the description of the man, and aren't I supposed to be describing the picture of the man?

For me, the picture of Charlemagne that emerges from Einhard's biography is one which demands attention and wonder.  I see a man who was quite admirable.  That is the picture which I believe emerges from Einhard's biography.




"Discuss the shift in power from the Merovingians to the Carolingians.  Why did it occur, and how?"



First of all, the Merovingians were not exactly what I'd call skilled administrators.  For instance, they fought among each other in bloody slaughters between brothers and cousins.  They also would take place in human sacrifice.  Needles to say, these weren't the kind of people that you would like as your neighbors.

As time went on, a man named Pepin the Short came to power thanks to the Pope.  Pepin asked the Pope if it was right that a ruler whom did nothing had power, but the one who did something had no power.  The Pope said that was not right, and this is where the shift between power changed.

I hope that you have enjoyed this essay, and please let me know what you think!  I would love to hear from you!